This is a working overview of TP-7, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
Reviewed 2026-06-27. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Animal studies have examined behaviour in tests of anxiety, memory retention and stress response, and several report changes in neurotrophic or neurotransmitter-related markers. The human evidence base is much smaller, consisting mainly of short trials conducted in Russia with limited reporting in English-language journals. Sample sizes are modest and outcome measures vary between studies, so the findings are best described as preliminary. Independent replication under modern trial standards has not been widely reported.
Outside its country of origin the compound is generally handled as a research chemical rather than an approved medicine. No regulatory approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency has been granted for human use. Identity and purity are normally checked by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, with mass spectrometry used to confirm the molecular mass. Lyophilised material is stored cold and desiccated, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles are avoided.
Enzymatic stability motivates the extra three residues at the carboxyl end. Native tuftsin is cleaved quickly by circulating aminopeptidases and carboxypeptidases, which limits its duration of action and its usefulness as a tool compound. Extending the chain with proline-rich segments is a common design tactic because proline constrains the backbone and slows proteolysis. The same Pro-Gly-Pro motif appears in other Russian-developed peptides of the era. Whether the full seven-residue chain is required for activity, or whether it acts mainly as a prodrug releasing tuftsin, remains unresolved.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro. Its four N-terminal residues reproduce tuftsin, a tetrapeptide fragment of the immunoglobulin heavy chain, while the C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension is a synthetic addition. The peptide has a molecular mass near 752 daltons and carries a net positive charge at physiological pH because of the arginine and lysine side chains. Published indexes list it under the name Selank and the sequence abbreviation TKPRPGP. Solid-phase peptide synthesis is the standard production route for research quantities.
Development took place at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where a series of short peptides were designed in the 1980s and 1990s. Selank was selected from variants of tuftsin that showed resistance to plasma peptidases. Russian regulatory approval covers it as an anxiolytic agent given intranasally. Outside that market the compound is normally handled as a research chemical rather than a medicine, and no widely recognised international pharmacopoeial monograph exists. The name Selank is a coined trade designation rather than a systematic chemical name.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common route | Intranasal | Also injected in some animal work |
| Solubility class | Freely soluble in water | Solid form is hygroscopic |
| Typical storage | About -20 degrees Celsius | Keep desiccated and dark |
| Purity method | Reverse-phase HPLC | Reported as area percent |
| Confirmatory method | Mass spectrometry | Verifies expected molecular mass |
The compound has a calculated molecular weight near 751.9 daltons and carries a net positive charge at physiological pH because of its arginine residue. It dissolves freely in water and in common aqueous buffers, and typically appears as a white or off-white lyophilized powder. The amide backbone makes the molecule susceptible to peptidases, which limits oral use and favors intranasal or parenteral routes. Nomenclature in the literature varies: the substance is also described by the sequence abbreviation TP-7 and by a Russian trade designation.
Regulatory status differs sharply by region. Selank holds a Russian marketing authorization, where it is supplied mainly as nasal drops, while authorities elsewhere have not approved it for medical use. Material sold internationally is therefore usually labeled as a research chemical rather than a medicine. Peer-reviewed publications come predominantly from Russian laboratories, and sample sizes are generally small. Whether the compound produces comparable effects under independent, well-controlled replication remains an open question that the broader literature has not settled.
Naming for this compound is not fully standardised in English sources. The spelling Selanc appears in some transliterations, and catalogue entries may instead list the peptide sequence itself as the identifier. Reference material sometimes groups it with other short synthetic peptides studied for behavioural effects, which can create confusion when citations are compared. Distinguishing the exact sequence from related tuftsin analogues is therefore a practical first step when reviewing any dataset or specification sheet.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, frequently abbreviated as TKPRPGP. It was designed as a structural analogue of tuftsin, a naturally occurring tetrapeptide released by enzymatic cleavage of the immunoglobulin heavy chain. The two additional proline residues at the C-terminal end extend the parent chain and change how the molecule behaves in solution. The free peptide has a calculated molecular mass of approximately 751.9 g/mol and is generally supplied as a lyophilised white to off-white powder.
=== Valve Corporation v. Vivendi Universal Games === Between 2002 and 2005, Valve was involved in a complex legal dispute with its publisher, Vivendi Universal Games (under Vivendi's brand Sierra Entertainment). Valve had entered into a publishing agreement with Sierra to release Half-Life and subsequent games in 1997, with the contract giving Sierra some intellectual property (IP) rights to Valve's games. After Valve began development of Half-Life 2, it agreed a new contract with Sierra in 2001, removing these rights from Sierra and giving Valve some rights for digital distribution. Internally, Valve started work on Steam as a means to digitally distribute these games, and first revealed this project at the March 2002 Game Developers Conference. By August 2002, Valve had found that Sierra was distributing copies of their games to Internet cafes against the terms of their contracts and filed a lawsuit against Sierra and Vivendi. In addition to claims of copyright infringement, Valve asserted that Sierra breached contract by withholding royalties and delaying the release of Counter-Strike: Condition Zero until after the holiday season. Vivendi and Sierra countersued, stating that Valve had misrepresented their position in the revised 2001 contract since they had been working on Steam at that point as a means to circumvent the publishing agreement. Vivendi sought intellectual property rights to Half-Life and a ruling preventing Valve from using Steam to distribute Half-Life 2. The countersuits, if successful, likely would have bankrupted Valve, according to COO Scott Lynch.
=== Bile solubility === Bile solubility is used to test for Streptococcus Pneumoniae due to their unique ability to be lysed by sodium deoxycholate. Lysis indicates S. Pneumoniae while no lysis does not.
== Mechanism == Uniporters work to transport molecules or ions by passive transport across a cell membrane down its concentration gradient. Upon binding and recognition of a specific substrate molecule on one side of the uniporter membrane, a conformational change is triggered in the transporter protein. This causes the transporter protein to change its three-dimensional shape, which ensures the substrate molecule is captured within the transporter proteins structure. The conformational change leads to the translocation of the substrate across the membrane onto the other side. On the other side of the membrane, the uniporter undergoes another conformational change in the release of the substrate molecule. The uniporter returns to its original conformation to bind another molecule for transport. Unlike symporters and antiporters, uniporters transport one molecule/ion in a single direction based on the concentration gradient. The entire process depends on the substrate's concentration difference across the membrane to be the driving force for the transport by uniporters. Cellular energy in the form of ATP is not required for this process.
== Selected-reaction monitoring chromatogram (SRM, MRM) == The selected-reaction monitoring (SRM) experiment is very similar to the SIM experiment except that tandem mass spectrometry is used and a specific product ion of a specific parent ion is detected. The mass of the parent analyte is first selected while other ions are filtered away. The parent analyte ion is then fragmented in the gas phase and a specific fragment ion is monitored. This experiment has very high specificity because the SRM chromatogram represents only ions of a particular mass that fragment in a manner that produce a very specific product mass. This type of experiment can only be performed using tandem mass spectrometry. The technology progress in the MS/MS area lead to the development of MRM, Multiple Reaction Monitoring, which allows simultaneous detection of several coeluting analytes with different parent and/or product ions.
=== Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) === BNP was first discovered in pig brain tissue but was later found more abundant in the heart (Mukoyama et al. 1991; Mukoyama et al. 1990). The human gene that encodes for BNP is called NPPB (GeneID 4879) and is located on chromosome 1 at 1p36.2. In mice, NPPb is found on chromosome 4. NPPB has three exons and two introns, and its preproBNP comprises 134 amino acids. This includes a 26 amino acid signal sequence followed by 108 amino acids that contain proBNP. Unlike ANP, the sequence of BNP is not similar across different species.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
assistance to Mexican security forces has conflicted with the Leahy Law, which prohibits aid to units implicated in human rights abuses, pointing to cases where trained units were later accused of violations.
== Contribution to Chemistry == The enduring contributions of Zervas were made together with Bergmann and involved the first successful synthesis of substantial length oligopeptides. They achieved this using the carboxybenzyl amine protecting group for the masking of the N-terminus of the growing oligopeptide chain to which amino acid residues are added in a serial manner. The carboxybenzyl group discovered by Zervas is introduced by reaction with benzyl chloroformate, originally in aqueous sodium carbonate solution at 0 °C:
Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is an inherited disease affecting laminin and collagen. This disease is characterized by blister formation within the lamina lucida of the basement membrane zone and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. It also presents with blisters at the site of friction, especially on the hands and feet, and has variants that can occur in children and adults. Less than one person per million people is estimated to have this form of EB.
== External links == Ibogaine – Isomer Design Ibogaine – PsychonautWiki Ibogaine – Erowid Ibogaine Investigator`s Brochure Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) The Big & Dandy Ibogaine/Iboga Thread – Bluelight Ibogaine – TiHKAL – Erowid Ibogaine – TiHKAL – Isomer Design Ibogaine: A Powerful Anti-Addictive Psychedelic – Tripsitter Ibogaine and Iboga: Traditional Use, Conservation, and Ethical Considerations – Double Blind Magazine
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Isoprene === Isoprene is a natural monomer that polymerizes to form a natural rubber, most often cis-1,4-polyisoprene, but also trans-1,4-polymer. Synthetic rubbers are often based on butadiene, which is structurally related to isoprene.
=== Volatiles === Cultivars of G. globosa vary in the identity of floral volatiles but the volatile compounds of nonanal, decanal, geranyl acetone, and 4,8,12-tetradecatrienal, 5,9,13-trimethyl, were commonly detected by chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The cultivar ‘Fireworks’ has a high abundance of volatile esters such as geranyl propionate, geranyl isovalerate, benzyl isovalerate, and benzyl tiglate. The floral volatile emission of this cultivar of G. globosa was found to exhibit a diurnal pattern independent of light. Emission of floral volatiles can be regulated by phytohormone and defense signaling molecules. Experimentally, the ethylene inhibitor silver thiosulphate increased volatile emission of molecules derived from the terpenoid pathway. Defense signaling molecules can have temporal effects on floral volatile emission such as increased emission after four hours and reduced emission of volatiles after 24 hours in time studies analyzed with chromatography-mass spectrometry.
==== Shedding ==== Reptiles shed their skin continuously throughout their lifetime. Lepidosaurians (lizards, snakes and the tuatara) tend to shed large pieces or the entire body covering of the skin all at once (or alternatively over a longer timespan of a few days to a few weeks), while crocodilians and turtles tend to continuously shed their skin, with small flakes coming off at irregular intervals. Shedding frequency can vary due to a number of factors, such as higher temperatures resulting in increased shedding rates. Some reptiles will consume their own shed skin. Younger reptiles shed more because of their rapid growth rate. Once full size, the frequency of shedding drastically decreases. The process of shedding involves forming a new layer of skin under the old one. Proteolytic enzymes and lymphatic fluid is secreted between the old and new layers of skin. Consequently, this lifts the old skin from the new one allowing shedding to occur. Snakes will shed from the head to the tail while lizards shed in a "patchy pattern". Dysecdysis, a common skin disease in snakes and lizards, will occur when ecdysis, or shedding, fails. There are numerous reasons why shedding fails and can be related to inadequate humidity and temperature, nutritional deficiencies, dehydration and traumatic injuries. Nutritional deficiencies decrease proteolytic enzymes while dehydration reduces lymphatic fluids to separate the skin layers. Traumatic injuries on the other hand, form scars that will not allow new scales to form and disrupt the process of ecdysis.
=== Interactions === IRAP has been reported to interact through its cytoplasmic domain with various proteins involved in vesicular trafficking, organelle tethering, and cytoskeleton remodeling. These proteins include tankyrase-1, tankyrase-2, and p115, which regulate Golgi vesicle trafficking; vimentin, an intermediate cytoskeleton filament; and the actin remodeling protein FHOS. Furthermore, IRAP was found to associate with AS160/Tbc1d4, a Rab GTPase activating protein (GAP) specific for Rab8, 10, and 14. This suggests that IRAP plays a role in recruiting AS160 to endocytic membranes. Apart from its association with intracellular trafficking proteins, IRAP has also been also observed to interact with proteins present in Glut4 storage vesicles (GSVs), such as sortilin, LRP1 and Glut4 in adipocytes. Under inflammatory conditions its role in GSV trafficking in adipocytes is regulated by the TNFa protein via glycosylation. Recently, its interaction with the z chain of the TCR (T-cell receptor) and the Lck kinase in T lymphocytes was discovered. In dendritic cells, IRAP-dependent vesicle trafficking and translocation to the phagocytic cup is regulated by immune receptors, such as TLR4 and FcgRs. Finally, IRAP has been proposed to interact with major histocompatibility complexes class-I (MHC-I) in specialized endosomes in DCs. There it exhibits roles in antigen cross-presentation.
The main mechanisms of action of IUDs occur before fertilization, by preventing sperm from ever reaching the egg. The specific mechanism for preventing sperm from reaching the egg differs by type of IUD.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Most published work uses intranasal application, either as drops or as a nasal spray. Injection routes appear in a smaller set of animal experiments. Oral use is uncommon in the literature because peptide breakdown and poor absorption limit this route.
Reported human trials are few, brief and originate mainly from one country. They describe effects on anxiety-related measures, but sample sizes are small and reporting is limited. The results are widely regarded as preliminary rather than confirmed.
Reverse-phase liquid chromatography is used to assess purity and separation of related impurities. Mass spectrometry confirms that the observed molecular mass matches the expected peptide. A certificate of analysis from the supplier is the usual document of record.
Selank is a seven-amino-acid peptide built from the tuftsin sequence plus a Pro-Gly-Pro tail. It is produced by chemical synthesis rather than extracted from a natural source. The free peptide is usually supplied as a lyophilised powder or in an aqueous formulation.